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repanning refers to a specialized form of surgery involving drilling or scraping a hole into the skull. The goal of trepanning is to expose the tough and inflexible dura mater, or pachymeninx, which is the outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Trepanning has taken place for hundreds of years all over the world for a variety of reasons. There is even evidence in the form of cave paintings that trepanation occurred during the Neolithic times as a cure for migraines, epileptic seizures, and mental disorders. Hippocrates also provided directions for the procedure during the Greek age. Trepanning remained a common practice through the 19th century and has recently started making a comeback for both mystical and medical reasons.

To complete a trepanation, the surgeon first drills a hole into the skull. A small piece of bone is then removed in order to relieve pressure from the brain. Over time, the bone grows back but the new bone is shallower than the rest of the skull. Since the bone grows back after trepanning, scientists are able to determine if the patient survived the operation simply by examining the skull remains. Some holes in skulls discovered by scientists have been as large as two inches in diameter and, amazingly, scientist believe approximately 2/3 of those who underwent the procedure survived.

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